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<?xpacket end="w"?><?xpacket end='r'?><Figure><ImageData src=""/>ENLACESAUTORESISSNISSNDOIHandleT&#205;TULORepositorio Institucional REIMS </Figure>Carlos Alberto Jim&#233;nez BandalaBeatriz RochaRosa Isela Fern&#225;ndez<?xml version="1.0"?><body xfa:APIVersion="Acroform:2.7.0.0" xfa:spec="2.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xmlns:xfa="http://www.xfa.org/schema/xfa-data/1.0/"><p dir="ltr" style="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;font-family:'Indivisa Text Sans';font-size:12pt;color:#0d124f;font-weight:bold;font-style:italic">repositorio.lasalle.mx/handle/lasalle/</p></body><?xml version="1.0"?><body xfa:APIVersion="Acroform:2.7.0.0" xfa:spec="2.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xmlns:xfa="http://www.xfa.org/schema/xfa-data/1.0/"><p dir="ltr" style="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;font-family:'Indivisa Text Sans';font-size:12pt;color:#0d124f;font-weight:bold;font-style:italic">ORCID:<span style="xfa-spacerun:yes">&#160;</span></p></body><?xml version="1.0"?><body xfa:APIVersion="Acroform:2.7.0.0" xfa:spec="2.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xmlns:xfa="http://www.xfa.org/schema/xfa-data/1.0/"><p dir="ltr" style="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;font-family:'Indivisa Text Sans';font-size:12pt;color:#0d124f;font-weight:bold">Licencia de Atribuci&#243;n Creative Commons 4.0</p></body><?xml version="1.0"?><body xfa:APIVersion="Acroform:2.7.0.0" xfa:spec="2.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xmlns:xfa="http://www.xfa.org/schema/xfa-data/1.0/"><p dir="ltr" style="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;font-family:'Indivisa Text Sans';font-size:12pt;color:#0d124f;font-weight:bold">CC BY 4.0</p></body>repositorio.lasalle.mx/handle/lasalle/<?xml version="1.0"?><body xfa:APIVersion="Acroform:2.7.0.0" xfa:spec="2.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xmlns:xfa="http://www.xfa.org/schema/xfa-data/1.0/"><p dir="ltr" style="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;font-family:'Indivisa Text Sans';font-size:20pt;color:#0d124f;font-weight:bold">Acceleration of purchasing power recovery of wages in post-neoliberalism</p></body><?xml version="1.0"?><body xfa:APIVersion="Acroform:2.7.0.0" xfa:spec="2.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xmlns:xfa="http://www.xfa.org/schema/xfa-data/1.0/"><p dir="ltr" style="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;font-family:'Indivisa Text Sans';font-size:12pt;color:#0d124f;font-weight:bold;font-style:italic">repositorio.lasalle.mx/handle/lasalle/</p></body>Vol. 5, No. 1, 2023, ene-ago, pp. Revista Internacionalde Salarios Dignos<?xml version="1.0"?><body xfa:APIVersion="Acroform:2.7.0.0" xfa:spec="2.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xmlns:xfa="http://www.xfa.org/schema/xfa-data/1.0/"><p dir="ltr" style="margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;font-family:'Indivisa Text Sans';font-size:10pt;color:#0d124f;font-weight:bold">Este documento se puede descargar y compartir con otras personas, siempre que se reconozca su autor&#237;a.</p></body><Figure ActualText="   
Acceleration
of purchasing power recovery of wages in post
-
neoliberalism
Carlos Alberto Jim&#233;nez
-
Bandala
1
, 
Beatriz Rocha
2
,
Rosa Isela 
Fern&#225;ndez
2"><ImageData src=""/></Figure><Figure ActualText="Recep
t
i
o
n: 
13
/
04
/
2023
Ac
cepted
: 
12
/
08
/
2023
Abstract
In this paper, we understand post
-
neoliberalism as the period after 2018 when the end of 
neoliberalism was officially declared in Mexico, but without indicating a particular 
identification 
with the new economic policies. Since then, a series of transformations have been promoted 
that have had a positive impact on the general well
-
being of the population. Labor sphere has 
been one of the biggest changes. In this sense, this pap
er aims
to analyze the change in the 
variables: 
the 
level of employment and 
the 
real wages of formal workers from 2011 to 2023 at 
the national 
scale
, based on a 
index numeric
model that shows the speed of change (variations 
in the slope of the series of ti
me). The foregoing
,
with the purpose of identifying the regions of 
the country with the best performance and proposing particular actions for those that are 
furthest behind. It was found that the rate of change of 
the 
real wages during the last neoliberal 
six
-
year term was close to zero and in some cases it became negative; while in post
-
neoliberalism 
the growth of the wage bill has increased exponentially, this has benefited historically lagging 
entities such as those located in the south of the country, i
n addition to reversing the gender 
wage gap
,
allowing women to now earn in average more than men.
The limitations of this paper 
are presented by the short period that has elapsed in the neoliberal transition, so future studies 
will be necessary to confirm 
these trends.
Key Words
Market Labor; Living wages; Neoliberalism; Economic Policies
; Inflation
Introduction"><ImageData src=""/></Figure><P>1 Professor-Researcher Division of Tourism Administration and Marketing, Autonomous University of the State of Quintana Roo. Member of the National System of Researchers. E.C.: carlos.jimenez@uqroo.edu.mx. 2 Professor-Researcher Division of Tourism Administration and Marketing, Autonomous University of the State of Quintana Roo. </P><Figure ActualText="As a result of the 1982 debt crisis, Mexico was forced to apply adjustment policies 
proposed by the International Monetary Fund as a condition for receiving the financial rescue; 
The result was the lost decade in which no economic growth was recorded. In t
he 1990s, 
economic policies based on the Washington Decalogue that we know today as a package of 
neoliberal &#8220;structural reforms&#8221; were applied, that is, they were based on the neoclassical school 
of economics and on conservative politics. Although some acad
emics point out that the result 
of neoliberalism is debatable and must be contrasted, statistics show that it was extremely 
detrimental to the working class in terms of rights and living conditions.
During neoliberalism, wages lost three quarters of their 
purchasing power compared to 
1976, the highest level reached; The working conditions that made employment precarious 
deteriorated by inhibiting free trade unionism, the right to strike, collective agreements and 
allowing trial contracts and subcontracting,
among others.
In 2018, the new President of the Republic, Andr&#233;s Manuel L&#243;pez Obrador, spoke out for 
the end of neoliberalism. Specifically, in fact, there are chiaroscuro that represent practices that 
do not end up abandoning neoliberalism or adopting st
atist policies and since there is no official 
position on the name of these economic policies, in this article we call it post
-
neoliberalism and 
we recognize it as a transition period characterized by strong institutional resistance that now 
stands as oppo
sition to the new practices promoted by more liberal and revolutionary sectors. 
One of the spheres with the greatest transformations is labor.
The National Development Plan 2019
-
2024 has set itself the goal of recovering the 
purchasing power of wages. Thro
ugh the Ministry of Labor and the National Minimum Wage 
Commission, increases not seen during the neoliberal period have been promoted. From 2018 
to 2023, the general minimum wage increased 134%, going from 88.34 to 207.44 pesos per day, 
while a strip of m
unicipalities on the northern border of the country was created where the 
salary accumulated an increase of 253%, reaching 312.41 pesos per day .
Economists from the neoclassical school censured the increases, pointing out that they 
would cause inflation a
nd contribute to job losses (Banxico, 2019). Empirical evidence showed 
the opposite: wage increases do not have a decisive effect on inflation and that their incidence 
on the level of employment can even be positive (Jim&#233;nez
-
Bandala et. al., 2021; Campos
-
V
azquez 
and Esquivel, 2020).
In the literature analyzed, it is found that the debate on the incidence of the increase in 
the minimum wage on the rest of the wages in the formal market and on the level of general 
employment is extensive (Del Carpio et.al., 2
018; Jim&#233;nez
-
Bandala et. al., 2020), which, contrary 
to what the neoclassical labor market model maintains, increasing the minimum wage has an 
insignificant effect on the decrease in employment ((Brown, 1999; Dolton et. al., 2015; Card and 
Krueger, 1995).I
n this sense, this article aims to analyze the change in the variables level of "><ImageData src=""/></Figure><Figure ActualText="employment and wages of formal workers from 2011 to 2023 at the national level, it is carried 
out by measuring the acceleration (change in the recovery) using an index number m
odel that 
considers the changes in the slope of the time series, in order to identify the regions of the 
country with the best performance and focus attention on those that lag behind.
The article is structured as follows. After this introduction, we expos
e some relevant 
debates around the correlation between wages, employment and inflation; later we explain the 
methodology used that used official data reported by the Mexican Institute of Social Security 
(IMSS). In the penultimate section we discuss the res
ults in light of contrasting them with other 
empirical evidence. Finally we present the conclusions.
Literature review: orthodox and heterodox visions of the labor market
In 1976 the highest purchasing power of minimum wages was reached in Mexico, we were 
at the end of the industrializing model in its stabilization phase, industrialized countries suffered 
from the energy crisis, but our country grew thanks to oil income. Four years later, during the 
six
-
year transition, came the debt crisis and the inevitab
le contagion for the Latin American 
economies. The lifeline launched by the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the adjustment 
policies, induced an economic crisis that, from reducing imports, sought to balance the trade 
balance; The result was the lost dec
ade: at the end of 1989 the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of 
our country was the same as in 1980.
This crisis is also the context of the polarization of the discussion between schools of 
economic thought to influence economic policies, on the one hand it se
ems clear the exhaustion 
of policies based on Keynesianism (broad intervention of the State in economic affairs from 
stimulating the Aggregate Demand), the welfare state and the influence of ECLAC; on the other, 
the almost natural rise of the neoclassical 
and monetarist schools that managed to prevail in the 
Washington Consensus, an order by which the governments of the world adopted neoliberal 
economic policies that were a mixture of economic liberalism and political conservatism (De la 
Garza , 2012).
More
than 30 years later, empirical evidence shows us that neoliberal policies 
exacerbated poverty and inequality, particularly from their incidence in the labor market 
throughout the world, the works of Das and Mishra (2022) and Barbiere and Bozzon (2016). In
Mexico, the disappearance of minimum wages in practice, that is, the fact that neoliberal 
governments intervened in such a way as to lower real wages, had an inverse impact on 
purchasing power, degraded household consumption and inevitably increased level
s of poverty; 
for the year 2018 the real minimum wage was &#190; parts of the 1976 minimum wage (Jim&#233;nez
-
Bandala et. al., 2019). In the United States, real wages had fallen just over 25%."><ImageData src=""/></Figure><P>Vol. 5, No. 1, 2023, ISSN. En tr&#225;mite, pp:69-88 </P><Figure ActualText="Neoliberalism had different development processes in each country, while 
there was a 
premature wear and tear in countries like Venezuela and Argentina that favored the rise of leftist 
governments with a clear anti
-
neoliberal discourse since 1999, in other countries institutional 
arrangements made changes more complicated like C
olombia and Mexico. In any case, the 
progress is not linear, the transition between left and right governments in Latin America have 
been building economic policies mixed between neoliberalism and post
-
neoliberalism. The 
popular demonstrations that are now
taking place in countries like France, the Netherlands and 
the United Kingdom show that exhaustion has also reached the richest countries.
During neoliberalism, salary increases remained restricted mainly by two neoclassical 
arguments: a) the increases ar
e inflationary and b) the increases decrease the level of 
employment. In this work we deal with the latter. Some authors had presented evidence of a 
negative effect of wage increases at the level of employment in Latin America (Lemos, 2006; 
Gindling and Te
rrell, 2007 and 2009; Bell, 1997) and in general in less developed countries 
(Muravyev and Oshchepkov, 2013). ), even works such as those by Neumark and Wascher (2008) 
argued that an increase in the minimum wage led to an increase in poverty.
The classical
model tells us that when the minimum wage (legally constituted floor to 
pay remunerations in a country) is higher than the market equilibrium wage (price level adjusted 
for labor supply and demand) the result is an excess supply. , in other words, unemplo
yment 
(Mankiw, 2021). However, this same model also indicates that a reduction in wages (elimination 
of the minimum wage and acceptance of the equilibrium wage) is not equivalent to the hiring of 
unemployed workers, a proportion of them will be hired, but 
another proportion will decide to 
leave the market. of work (Economically active population not available) since unemployment is 
voluntary.
The negative effect of the salary increase on the level of employment develops mainly in 
two ways; First, because th
ey increase the general costs of the companies that have to refrain 
from hiring more personnel (mainly the least qualified) and consequently take a new 
combination of resources in their production possibilities frontier, that is, the companies give 
up a gr
eater quantity of labor in exchange for a greater quantity of capital; in other words, they 
substitute less skilled labor for technological developments (Brown et. al., 1982; Burkhauser et. 
al., 2000). Second, companies must transfer the high costs to the 
prices of goods and services, 
which causes a decrease in real demand, an increase in the company's stock level and therefore 
a reduction in the production level that leads to the dismissal (Deere et. al., 1995; Wascher, 
2015).
On the two negative effects w
e have to argue that, for the case where wage increases 
cause firms to refrain from higher labor demand because they tend to use a less labor intensive 
and more capital intensive combination of factors of production, It should be noted that the 
premise is 
correct only if a constant productivity of the labor factor is assumed. The reality is "><ImageData src=""/></Figure><Figure><ImageData src=""/></Figure><P>Vol. 5, No. 1, 2023, ISSN. En tr&#225;mite, pp:69-88 </P><Figure><ImageData src=""/>&#119908;&#119875;&#119864;&#119875;&#119905;</Figure><Figure><ImageData src=""/>&#119872;&#119908;</Figure><P>&#119899; </P><P>&#119872;&#119908; &#119908;&#119894; </P><P>=&#8721;( )&#119873;&#119894; </P><P>&#119875; &#119875; </P><P>&#119894;=1 </P><Figure><ImageData src=""/></Figure><Figure><ImageData src=""/>&#119872;&#119908;&#119875;&#119908;&#119894;&#119875;&#119894;&#119873;&#119894;&#119894;</Figure><P>&#119909;&#119905; </P><P>&#119868;&#119905;/0= &#8727;100 </P><P>&#119909;0 </P><Figure><ImageData src=""/></Figure><Figure><ImageData src=""/>&#119868;&#119905;/0</Figure><P>&#119909;&#119905; </P><Figure><ImageData src=""/></Figure><Figure><ImageData src=""/>&#119909;0</Figure><P>&#8710;&#119910; &#119910;&#119905;&#8722;&#119910;&#119905;&#8722;1</P><P>&#119898;= = </P><P>&#8710;&#119909; &#119909;&#119905;&#8722;&#119909;&#119905;&#8722;1 </P><Figure><ImageData src=""/></Figure><Figure><ImageData src=""/>&#119910;)&#119909;</Figure><P>Vol. 5, No. 1, 2023, ISSN. En tr&#225;mite, pp:69-88 </P><Figure><ImageData src=""/>&#119872;&#119908;&#119875;&#119873;&#119908;&#119875;)</Figure><P>&#119908;&#119905;&#8722;&#119908;&#119905;&#8722;1 &#119873;&#119905;&#8722;&#119873;&#119905;&#8722;1</P><P>&#8710;&#119872;&#119908;=( )( )</P><P>&#119908;&#119905;&#8722;1 &#119873;&#119905;&#8722;1 </P><Figure><ImageData src=""/></Figure><Figure><ImageData src=""/></Figure><P>180 </P><P>90 </P><P>2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 </P><Figure><ImageData src=""/>100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 Masa salarial Salarios reales Empleo </Figure><Figure><ImageData src=""/></Figure><P>Vol. 5, No. 1, 2023, ISSN. En tr&#225;mite, pp:69-88 </P><Figure><ImageData src=""/></Figure><Figure><ImageData src=""/></Figure><Figure><ImageData src=""/>0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 HOMBRES MUJERES </Figure><P>2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 </P><Figure><ImageData src=""/>(&#8710;&#119908;&#119875;)</Figure><P>Vol. 5, No. 1, 2023, ISSN. En tr&#225;mite, pp:69-88 </P><Figure><ImageData src=""/></Figure><Figure><ImageData src=""/></Figure><Figure><ImageData src=""/></Figure><P>Vol. 5, No. 1, 2023, ISSN. En tr&#225;mite, pp:69-88 </P><Figure><ImageData src=""/></Figure><Figure><ImageData src=""/>82 Vol. 5, No. 1, 2023, ISSN. En tr&#225;mite, pp:69-88 $0 $100 $200 $300 $400 $500 $600 </Figure><Figure><ImageData src=""/>2011 2023 </Figure><P>Cdmx Cam BCN NLn Qro Tmp Chi SLP Coa JalTabBCS Ags Ver Emx Son ZacMor QRoo Col Pue Gto Chis Hgo Yuc Mic Gro Tlx NayDgo Oax Sin </P><Figure><ImageData src=""/></Figure><P>Vol. 5, No. 1, 2023, ISSN. En tr&#225;mite, pp:69-88 </P><Figure><ImageData src=""/></Figure><Figure><ImageData src=""/></Figure><P>Vol. 5, No. 1, 2023, ISSN. En tr&#225;mite, pp:69-88 </P><Figure><ImageData src=""/></Figure><P>Jim&#233;nez-Bandala, C.A.; Andrade, L. A. y Flegl, M. (2019) Why Does Not Education Have A Positive Impact On Labor Markets In Developing Countries?, Conference: 16th International conference on Efficiency and Responsibility in Education, Prague, Czech Republic. </P><Figure><ImageData src=""/></Figure><Figure><ImageData src=""/></Figure><Figure><ImageData src=""/>(</Figure><P>&#8710;&#119908;</P><P>)</P><P>&#119901; </P><Figure><ImageData src=""/></Figure><Figure><ImageData src=""/></Figure><P>Vol. 5, No. 1, 2023, ISSN. En tr&#225;mite, pp:69-88 </P><Figure><ImageData src=""/></Figure></TaggedPDF-doc>